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Digital archaeology: Visualizing small objects, artifacts

The ability to visually represent artifacts, whether they are inorganics like stone, ceramic, and metal, or organics, such as bone and plant material, has always been of great importance to the field of anthropology and archaeology. For researchers, educators, students, and the public, the ability to see the past, and not only read about it, offers invaluable insights into the production of cultural materials and the populations who made and used them. Enter digital archaeology,

Digital photography is the most commonly used method of visual representation, but despite its speed and efficiency, it often fails to faithfully represent the artifact being studied. In recent years, 3D scanning has emerged as an alternative source of high-quality visualizations, but the cost of the equipment and the time needed to produce a model are often prohibitive. 

Digital archaeology
Workflow and computational steps for the SOAP and HRP methods. Image courtesy of Jacopo Niccolò Cerasoni.

Now the paper “Do-It-Yourself digital archaeology: Introduction and practical applications of photography and photogrammetry for the 2D and 3D representation of small objects and artefacts,” published in the journal PLOS ONE presents two new methods for producing high-resolution visualizations of small artifacts, each achievable with basic software and equipment. Using expertise from fields which include archaeological science, computer graphics, and video game development, the methods are designed to allow anyone to produce high-quality images and models with minimal effort and cost.

Digital archaeology

The first method, Small Object and Artefact Photography (SOAP), deals with the photographic application of modern digital techniques. The protocol guides users through small object and artifact photography from the initial set up of the equipment to the best methods for camera handling and functionality and the application of post-processing software.

The second method, High Resolution Photogrammetry, or HRP, is used for the photographic capturing, digital reconstruction and 3D modelling of small objects. This method aims to give a comprehensive guide for the development of high-resolution 3D models, merging well-known techniques used in academic and computer graphic fields, allowing anyone to independently produce high resolution and quantifiable models.

“These new protocols combine detailed, concise, and user-friendly workflows covering photographic acquisition and processing, thereby contributing to the replicability and reproducibility of high-quality visualizations,” said Jacopo Niccolò Cerasoni, lead author of the paper. “By clearly explaining every step of the process, including theoretical and practical considerations, these methods will allow users to produce high-quality, publishable 2- and 3-dimensional visualisations of their archaeological artifacts independently.”

High-resolution 3D models

The SOAP and HRP protocols were developed using Adobe Camera Raw, Adobe Photoshop, RawDigger, DxO Photolab, and RealityCapture and take advantage of native functions and tools that make image capture and processing easier and faster. Although most of these softwares are readily available in academic environments, SOAP and HRP can be applied to any other non-subscription based softwares with similar features. This enables researchers to use free or open-access software as well, albeit with minor changes to some of the presented steps.

Both the SOAP protocol and the HRP protocol are published openly on protocols.io. 

“Because visual communication is so important to understanding past behavior, technology and culture, the ability to faithfully represent artifacts is vital for the field of archaeology,” says co-author Felipe do Nascimento Rodrigues, from the University of Exeter.

Even as new technologies revolutionize the field of archaeology, practical instruction on archaeological photography and three-dimensional reconstructions are lacking. The authors of the new paper hope to fill this gap, providing researchers, educators and enthusiasts with step-by-step instructions for creating high quality visualizations of artifacts. 

The authors of the paper are Cerasoni, Rodrigues, Yu Tang, and Emily Yuko Hallett.

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