Analysis of Bronze Age daggers has shown that they were used for processing animal carcasses and not as non-functional symbols of identity and status, as previously thought.
First appearing in the early 4th millennium BCE, copper-alloy daggers were widespread in Bronze Age Europe, including Britain and Ireland. Yet archaeologists have long debated what these objects were used for.
As daggers are often found in weapon-rich male burials, or “warrior graves,” many researchers speculated that they were primarily ceremonial objects used in prehistoric funerals to mark out the identity and status of the deceased. Others suggested that they may have been used as weapons or tools for crafts.
However, the lack of a targeted method of analysis for copper-alloy metals, like those available for ceramic, stone, and shell artifacts, left this problem unresolved.
Bronze Age daggers examined
A new method, pioneered by an international research team led by Newcastle University has enabled the world’s first extraction of organic residues from 10 copper-alloy daggers excavated in 2017 from Pragatto, a Bronze Age settlement (1550-1250 BCE) site in Italy. The site is part of the broader Terramare settlement system, which characterized human occupation of the Po River valley, northern Italy, in the Middle and Late Bronze Age, around 1650–1200 BCE.
The new method reveals, for the first time, how these objects were used, for what tasks, and on what materials.
The project team, led by Dr. Andrea Dolfini, Chair of Archaeology, Newcastle University, and Isabella Caricola, developed a technique that used Picro-Sirius Red (PSR) solution to stain organic residues on the daggers. The residues were then observed under several types of optical, digital, and scanning electron microscopes. This allowed the team to identify micro-residues of collagen and associated bone, muscle, and bundle tendon fibers, suggesting that the daggers had come into contact with multiple animal tissues and were used to process various types of animal carcasses. Uses seem to have included the slaughtering of livestock, butchering carcasses, and carving the meat from the bone.
The study, “Organic residue analysis reveals the function of bronze age metal daggers,” appears in the journal, Scientific Reports.
The EU-funded project team then carried out wide-ranging experiments with replicas of the daggers that had been created by an expert bronzesmith. This showed that this type of dagger was well suited to processing animal carcasses. The residues extracted from the experimental daggers were also analyzed as part of the research and matched those observed on the archaeological daggers.
“The research has revealed that it is possible to extract and characterize organic residues from ancient metals, extending the range of materials that can be analyzed in this way. This is a significant breakthrough as the new method enables the analysis of a wide variety of copper-alloy tools and weapons from anywhere in the world. The possibilities are endless, and so are the answers that the new method can and will provide in the future,” said Dolfini.
The study’s authors are Caricola, Charles A., Tirillò J., Charlton F., Barton H., Breglia F., Rossi A., Deflorian MC., De Marinis AM., Harris S., Pellegrini A., Scacchetti F., Boccuccia P., Miari M., and Dolfini.
